Dubious account from the Dianlue
The Dianlue recorded:
When Guan Yu was besieging Fancheng, Sun Quan sent a messenger to Guan Yu to offer aid while secretly instructing the messenger to take his time to travel there. He then sent a registrar ahead to meet Guan Yu first. Guan Yu was unhappy that Sun Quan's offer came late because he had already captured Yu Jin by then. He scolded the messenger, "You raccoon dogs dare to behave like this! If I can conquer Fancheng, what makes you think I can't destroy you?" Although Sun Quan felt insulted by Guan Yu's response, he still wrote a letter to Guan Yu and pretended to apologise and offer to allow Guan Yu to pass through his territory freely.[Sanguozhi zhu 7]
Pei Songzhi commented on the Dianlue account as follows:
Although Liu Bei and Sun Quan appeared to get along harmoniously, they were actually distrustful of each other. When Sun Quan later attacked Guan Yu, he dispatched his forces secretly, as mentioned in Lü Meng's biography: '[...] elite soldiers hid in vessels disguised as civilian and merchant ships.' Based on this reasoning, even if Guan Yu did not seek help from Sun Quan, the latter would not mention anything about granting Guan Yu free passage in his territory. If they genuinely wished to help each other, why would they conceal their movements from each other?[Sanguozhi zhu 8]
By the time Guan Yu retreated from Fancheng, Sun Quan's forces had occupied Jiangling and captured the families of Guan Yu's soldiers. Lü Meng ordered his troops to treat the civilians well and ensure that they were not harmed.[j] Most of Guan Yu's soldiers lost their fighting spirit and deserted and went back to Jing Province to reunite with their families. Guan Yu knew that he had been isolated so he withdrew to Maicheng (麥城; in present-day Dangyang, Hubei) and headed west to Zhang District (漳鄉), where his remaining men deserted him and surrendered to the enemy. Sun Quan sent Zhu Ran and Pan Zhang to block Guan Yu's retreat route. Guan Yu, along with his son Guan Ping and subordinate Zhao Lei (趙累), were captured alive by Pan Zhang's deputy Ma Zhong (馬忠) in an ambush. Guan Yu and Guan Ping were later executed by Sun Quan's forces in Linju (臨沮; in present-day Nanzhang County, Hubei).[Sanguozhi 19][Sanguozhi others 17][Sanguozhi others 18]
E. Penghormatan Guan Yu Sebagai Dewa Dalam Taoisme dan Buddhisme
Sebagai Dewa, Kwan Kong dipuja oleh umat Taoisme, Konfusianisme, dan Buddhisme, Kaum Taoist memujanya sebagai Dewa pelindung dari malapetaka peperangan. Kaum Konfusianisme menghormati sebagai Dewa Kesusasteraan; sementara kaum Buddhist memujanya sebagai Hu Fa Qie Lan atau Qie Lan Pelindung Dharma.
Menurut kepercayaan kaum Buddist, setelah Kwan Kong meninggal arwahnya muncul di hadapan Biksu Pu Jing, di kuil Yu Quan Si yang terletak di gunung Yu Quan Shan, propinsi Hubei. Biksu Pu Jing disebutkan pernah menolong Kwan Kong yang akan dicelakai seorang panglima Cao Cao, dalam perjalanannya bergabung dengan pasukan Liu Bei.
Setelah itu, karena takut pembalasan Cao Cao, Biksu Pu Jing menyingkir ke gunung Yu Quan Shan, dan mendirikan Kuil Yu Quan Si. Setelah lebih dari 1000 tahun sejak peristiwa itu, Kwan Kong pun dipuja sebagai Boddistsatwa Pelindung Buddha Dharma.
Penghormatan terhadap Kwan Kong sebagai orang kesatria yang teguh terhadap sumpahnya, tidak goyah akan harta kekuasaan dan kedudukan, serta setia terhadap saudara2 angkatnya, menyebabkan ia memperoleh penghormatan yang tinggi oleh Kaisar-Kaisar pada jaman berikutnya.
Kwan Kong memperoleh gelar yang tidak tangung2. Ia disebut ‘Di’ yang berarti (disetarakan) ‘Maha Raja“. Sejak itu, Ia disebut Guan Di atau Guan Di Ye (Hokkian : Koan Te Ya) yang berarti “Paduka Maha Raja Guan”, sebutan gelar Kedewaan yang sejajar dengan Xuan Tian Shang Di.
Baca juga : Kitab Suci Guan Sheng Di Jun (Guan Gong)
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
The 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms glorifies Guan Yu by portraying him as a righteous and loyal warrior. Guan Yu is one of the most altered and aggrandised characters in the novel,[citation needed] which accounts for his popular image in Chinese society.
See the following for some fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms involving Guan Yu:
Guan Yu appears in Chinese operas such as Huarong Trail, Red Cliffs, and other excerpts from Romance of the Three Kingdoms. His costume is a green military opera uniform with armour covering his right arm and the knees of his pants. The actor's face is painted red with a few black lines, to represent honour and courage. He also wears a long three-section black beard made of yak hair and carries the Green Dragon Crescent Blade. Traditionally, after the show ends, the actor has to wash his face, burn joss paper, light incense, and pray to Chinese deities.[citation needed]
Notable actors who have portrayed Guan Yu in film and television include:[citation needed] Lu Shuming in Romance of the Three Kingdoms (1994); Wang Yingquan in The Legend of Guan Gong (2004); Ti Lung in Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon (2008); Ba Sen in Red Cliff (2008–2009); Yu Rongguang in Three Kingdoms (2010); Donnie Yen in The Lost Bladesman (2011); Au Sui-Wai in Three Kingdoms RPG (2012); Han Geng in Dynasty Warriors (2019).
Films which make references to Guan Yu include: Stephen Chow's comedy film From Beijing with Love (1994), which, in one scene, refers to the story of Hua Tuo performing surgery on Guan Yu's arm;[citation needed] Zhang Yimou's Riding Alone for Thousands of Miles (2005), in which the fictional story of Guan Yu slaying six generals and crossing five passes forms a major part of the narrative;[citation needed] the horror comedy film My Name Is Bruce (2007), where Guan Yu's vengeful spirit is accidentally set free by a group of teenagers and he begins to terrorise their town.[citation needed]
Guan Yu appears as a playable character in many video games based on Romance of the Three Kingdoms which are produced by Koei, including: the strategy game series of the same title as the novel; the action game series Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi. Other non-Koei titles in which he also appears include: Total War: Three Kingdoms;[21] Puzzle & Dragons;[22] Sango Fighter; Destiny of an Emperor; and Atlantica Online. He is also referenced in Emperor: Rise of the Middle Kingdom, Titan Quest, and Koihime Musō.
Guan Yu is referenced in the Portal Three Kingdoms of the card game Magic: The Gathering on a playable card.[citation needed]
The hero Jiang Jun that appears in an add-on for the game For Honor, developed by Ubisoft Montreal, is heavily based on Guan Yu.[citation needed] He is introduced in the 2018 DLC Marching Fire Expansion, along with the other characters from the Chinese Wulin faction. The Jiang Jun wields Guan Yu's signature Guandao weapon and is portrayed as a wise older general.
Guan Yu is referenced in the 2020 game Hades by Supergiant Games. The final "aspect", or form, unlocked for the Eternal Spear weapon is the Aspect of Guan Yu, the Frost Fair Blade, which resembles an ornamented Guandao. The Eternal Spear is said to be the same spear wielded by Guan Yu in the future, taking this form.[23]
Guan Yu is a popular motif in collector coins series featuring Ancient warriors. The Polish Mint issued a 2oz silver coin featuring him in 2019,[24] and another one in 2021.[25]
During the course of price liberalization debates as part of China's reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping invoked the fictitious story of Guan Yu crossing five passes and slaying six generals (as described in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms) as part of his rhetoric.[26] "To the Chinese audience familiar with the famous tale of Lord Guan, there could have been no doubt of Deng's determination to push ahead with radical price reforms."[27] As Deng explained in 1986 to a North Korean delegation:[27]
Only once prices have been straightened out will be able to step up reform ... Doesn't China have the tale of Lord Guan 'Slaying Six Generals to Force Through Five Passes?' We might have to pass through even more 'passes' than Lord Guan, slaying even more 'generals.' To force a pass is not at all easy and requires taking great risks.
Notable Guandi temples worldwide (outside mainland China)
Chinese general (died 220)
"Guanyu" redirects here. For the racing driver, see
Guan Yu ([kwán ỳ] ⓘ; d. January or February 220[a]), courtesy name Yunchang, was a Chinese military general serving under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Along with Zhang Fei, he shared a brotherly relationship with Liu Bei and accompanied him on most of his early exploits. Guan Yu played a significant role in the events leading up to the end of the Han dynasty and the establishment of Liu Bei's state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. While he is remembered for his loyalty towards Liu Bei, he is also known for repaying Cao Cao's kindness by slaying Yan Liang, a general under Cao Cao's rival Yuan Shao, at the Battle of Boma. After Liu Bei gained control of Yi Province in 214, Guan Yu remained in Jing Province to govern and defend the area for about seven years. In 219, while he was away fighting Cao Cao's forces at the Battle of Fancheng, Liu Bei's ally Sun Quan broke the Sun–Liu alliance and sent his general Lü Meng to conquer Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province. By the time Guan Yu learned about the loss of Jing Province after his defeat at Fancheng, it was too late. He was subsequently captured in an ambush by Sun Quan's forces and executed at Linju, Xiangyang Commandery (臨沮, present-day Nanzhang County, Xiangyang City, Hubei).
Guan Yu's life was lionised and his achievements were glorified to such an extent after his death that he was deified during the Sui dynasty. Through generations of storytelling, culminating in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, his deeds and moral qualities have been emphasized immensely, making Guan Yu one of East Asia's most popular paradigms of loyalty and righteousness. He is remembered as a culture hero in Chinese culture and is still worshipped by many people of Chinese descent in China, Taiwan, and other countries today. In religious devotion, he is reverentially called the "Emperor Guan" (Guān Dì) or "Lord Guan" (Guān Gōng). He is a deity worshipped in Chinese folk religion, popular Confucianism, Taoism, and Chinese Buddhism, and small shrines to him are almost ubiquitous in traditional Chinese shops and restaurants.
The authoritative historical source on Guan Yu's life is the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi) written by Chen Shou in the third century. During the fifth century, Pei Songzhi annotated the Sanguozhi by incorporating information from other sources to Chen Shou's original work and adding his personal comments. Some alternative texts used in the annotations to Guan Yu's biography include: Shu Ji (Records of Shu), by Wang Yin; Wei Shu (Book of Wei), by Wang Chen, Xun Yi and Ruan Ji; Jiang Biao Zhuan, by Yu Pu; Fu Zi, by Fu Xuan; Dianlue, by Yu Huan; Wu Li (History of Wu), by Hu Chong; and Chronicles of Huayang, by Chang Qu.
No explicit descriptions of Guan Yu's physical appearance exist in historical records. However, the Sanguozhi recorded that Zhuge Liang once referred to Guan Yu as having a "peerless beard".[b]
Traditionally, Guan Yu is portrayed as a red-faced warrior with a long, lush beard. The idea of his red face may have been derived from a description of him in Chapter 1 of the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, where the following passage appears:[3]
"Xuande took a look at the man, who stood at a height of nine chi,[c] and had a two chi[d] long beard; his face was of the colour of a dark zao,[e] with lips that were red and plump; his eyes were like those of a crimson phoenix,[f] and his eyebrows resembled reclining silkworms.[g] He had a dignified air and looked quite majestic."
Alternatively, the idea of his red face could have been borrowed from opera representation, where red faces represented loyalty and righteousness.[citation needed] In illustrations of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Guan Yu is traditionally depicted wearing a green robe over his body armour.
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Guan Yu's weapon was a guandao named Green Dragon Crescent Blade, which resembled a glaive and was said to weigh 82 catties (about 49 kg or 108 lbs).[7]
Alternate account from the Shu Ji
The Shu Ji mentioned that Sun Quan initially wanted to keep Guan Yu alive in the hope of using Guan Yu to help him counter Liu Bei and Cao Cao. However, his followers advised him against doing so by saying, "A wolf shouldn't be kept as a pet as it'll bring harm to the keeper. Cao Cao made a mistake when he refused to kill Guan Yu and landed himself in deep trouble. He even had to consider relocating the imperial capital elsewhere. How can Guan Yu be allowed to live?" Sun Quan then ordered Guan Yu's execution.[Sanguozhi zhu 9]
Pei Songzhi disputed this account as follows:
According to (Wei Zhao's) Book of Wu, when Sun Quan sent Pan Zhang to block Guan Yu's retreat route, Guan Yu was executed after he was captured. Linju was about 200 to 300 li away from Jiangling, so how was it possible that Guan Yu was kept alive while Sun Quan and his subjects discussed whether to execute him or not? The claim that 'Sun Quan wanted to keep Guan Yu alive for the purpose of using him to counter Liu Bei and Cao Cao' does not make sense. It was probably meant to silence smart people.[Sanguozhi zhu 10]
Sun Quan sent Guan Yu's head to Cao Cao, who arranged a noble's funeral for Guan Yu and had his head properly buried with full honours.[Sanguozhi zhu 11] In October or November 260, Liu Shan granted Guan Yu the posthumous title "Marquis Zhuangmou" (壯繆侯).[Sanguozhi 20][Sanguozhi others 19] According to posthumous naming rules in the Yi Zhou Shu, "mou" was meant for a person who failed to live up to his reputation.[12]
Encounter with Xu Huang
Cao Cao later sent Xu Huang to lead another army to reinforce Cao Ren at Fancheng. Xu Huang broke through Guan Yu's encirclement and routed Guan Yu's forces on the battlefield, thus lifting the siege on Fancheng.[Sanguozhi others 15] Guan Yu withdrew his forces after seeing that he could not capture Fancheng.[Sanguozhi 17] The Shu Ji recorded an incident about Xu Huang encountering Guan Yu on the battlefield. Xu Huang was previously a close friend of Guan Yu. They often chatted about other things apart from military affairs. When they met again at Fancheng, Xu Huang gave an order to his men: "Whoever takes Guan Yu's head will be rewarded with 1,000 jin of gold." A shocked Guan Yu asked Xu Huang, "Brother, what are you talking about?" Xu Huang replied, "This is an affair of the state."[Sanguozhi zhu 6]
Although Guan Yu defeated and captured Yu Jin at Fancheng, his army found itself lacking food supplies, so he seized grain from one of Sun Quan's granaries at Xiang Pass (湘關). By then, Sun Quan had secretly agreed to an alliance with Cao Cao and sent Lü Meng and others to invade Jing Province while he followed behind with reinforcements. At Xunyang (尋陽), Lü Meng ordered his troops to hide in vessels disguised as civilian and merchant ships and sail towards Jing Province. Along the way, Lü Meng infiltrated and disabled the watchtowers set up by Guan Yu along the river, so Guan Yu was totally unaware of the invasion.[Sanguozhi others 16]
When Guan Yu embarked on the Fancheng campaign, he left Mi Fang and Shi Ren behind to defend his key bases in Jing Province – Nan Commandery and Gong'an. Guan Yu had constantly treated them with contempt. During the campaign, after Mi Fang and Shi Ren sent insufficient supplies to Guan Yu's army at the frontline, an annoyed Guan Yu said, "I will deal with them when I return." Mi Fang and Shi Ren felt uneasy about this. When Sun Quan invaded Jing Province, Lü Meng showed understanding towards Mi Fang and successfully induced him into surrendering while Yu Fan also persuaded Shi Ren to give up resistance. With the exceptions of the northwest, Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province fell under Sun Quan's control after the surrenders of Mi Fang and Shi Ren.[Sanguozhi 18]
Guan Yu dalam Percintaan Tiga Kerajaan
Salah satu gambaran yang paling kekal dalam kehidupan dan pengembaraan Guan Yu boleh didapati dalam novel Cina klasik “Romantik Tiga Kerajaan.” Ditulis oleh Luo Guanzhong pada abad ke-14, saga epik ini mengisahkan perebutan kuasa dan tipu daya era Tiga Kerajaan, menggambarkan Guan Yu sebagai wira yang lebih besar daripada kehidupan yang perbuatannya adalah legenda.
Dalam novel itu, Guan Yu digambarkan sebagai teladan kesetiaan, penghormatan, dan kebajikan mempertahankan diri, berkhidmat sebagai sekutu yang teguh dan saudara angkat kepada Liu Bei dan Zhang Fei. Sumpah persaudaraan legendanya dengan Liu Bei dan Zhang Fei di Taman Peach adalah salah satu adegan paling ikonik dalam novel itu, melambangkan ikatan persaudaraan dan komitmen mereka terhadap kebenaran.
Sepanjang novel ini, kehebatan mempertahankan diri Guan Yu dan integriti yang tidak berbelah bahagi diuji ketika dia mengharungi landskap politik khianat Tiga Kerajaan. Dari pertempuran epiknya menentang panglima perang Cao Cao hingga pertarungannya dengan saingan jeneral Lu Bu, eksploitasi Guan Yu digambarkan dengan kemegahan epik dan bakat dramatik, mengukuhkan statusnya sebagai wira dengan proporsi mitos.
Citations from the Sanguozhi zhu
Links to related articles
Patung Guan Yu di Jingzhou
Kisah Sumpah Setia di Kebun Buah Persik
Guan Yu dalam pengembaraannya berjumpa dengan Liu Bei dan Zhang Fei di sebuah kedai arak. Dalam pembicaraan, mereka ternyata cocok dan satu hati, sehingga memutuskan mengangkat saudara. Upacara pengangkatan saudara ini dilaksanakan di rumah Zhang Fei dalam sebuah kebun buah Tao atau kebun persik. Liu Bei menjadi saudara tertua, Guan Yu yang kedua dan Zhang Fei yang ketiga.
Bersama-sama mereka bersumpah sehidup semati dan berjuang untuk membela negara. Peristiwa ini terkenal dengan nama “Tao Yuan Jie Yi” atau “Sumpah Persaudaraan Di Kebun Persik”, yang sangat dikagumi oleh orang dari zaman ke zaman dan dianggap sebagai lambang persaudaraan sejati. Lukisan tiga bersaudara yang sedang melaksanakan upacara sumpah angkat saudara ini banyak menjadi objek lukisan, pahatan, dan patung keramik yang sangat disukai orang hingga sekarang ini.
Kisah Guan Yu Terluka Oleh Panah Beracun
Pada saat Guan Yu berperang melawan pasukan Negara Wei, Guan Yu terluka oleh panah beracun. Tabib Hua Tuo melakukan bedah lengan Guan Yu tanpa anastesi dan menyembuhkan luka beracun tersebut dengan cara mengikis tulang. Hua Tuo menggunakan pisau untuk mengikis racun yang sudah merasuk ke tulang, hingga mengeluarkan bunyi. Tanpa dibius, Guan Yu tetap santai makan dan minum sambil bermain catur dengan muka senyum, sama sekali tidak tersirat wajah menahan sakit. Tabib sakti Hua Tuo memuji Beliau dengan berkata “Jenderal benar-benar seorang Dewa yang datang dari langit.”
Kekalahan Guan Yu dimulai dari situasi yang tidak menguntungkan di pihaknya. Cao Cao mulai mengajak Sun Quan untuk beraliansi secara diam-diam. Sun Quan yang sejak lama menginginkan kota Jingzhou (yang dikuasai Guan Yu pada waktu itu) agar kembali kedalam wilayah kekuasaannya, setuju dengan Cao Cao dan mengerakan pasukan merebut Jingzhou. Guan Yu akhirnya berhasil dijebak dan ditawan, kemudian dihukum mati karena menolak untuk memihak pada Sun Quan. Karena takut akan pembalasan Liu Bei, kepala Guan Yu dikirimkan ke tempat Cao Cao.
Pada waktu itu, Guan Yu ditangkap bersama Guan Ping, anak tertuanya, dibawa ke tengah perkemahan Sun Quan. Guan Yu hanya tertawa saja ketika dibawa untuk dihukum mati. Algojo yang akan memanggalnya menjadi ketakutan ketika menatap Guan Yu dan dia tidak berani untuk melaksanakan eksekusi itu, tidak ada prajurit biasa yang berani. Akhirnya Jenderal Pan Zhang dengan menggunakan Golok Naga Hijau memenggal kepala Guan Yu.
Cao Cao yang sejak lama kagum kepada Guan Yu memakamkan kepalanya setelah disambung dengan tubuh dari kayu cendana secara agung. Kuburan Guan Yu terletak di propinsi Henan kira-kira 7 km sebelah utara kota Louyang. Pemandangan di situ sangat indah, sedangkan bangunan kuburannya sangat megah seakan-akan sebuah bukit kecil dari kejauhan. Sekeliling bangunan itu ditanami pohon Bai (Cypress) yang selalu hijau, melambangkan semangat Guan Yu yang tidak pernah padam dan abadi dari jaman ke jaman. Pohon-pohon itu kini sudah menghutan dan ratusan tahun umurnya, sebab itu tempat tersebut dinamakan Guan Lin. Batu nisannya adalah hadiah dari kaisar Dinasti Qing, dimana makam itu telah dipugar kembali.
Berdekatan dengan Guan Lin, terdapat sebuat kelenteng peringatan untuk mengenang Guan Yu, yang dibangun pada jaman Dinasti Ming. Kelenteng itu merupakan hasil seni bangunan dan seni ukir yang bermutu tinggi, sehingga merupakan objek wisata yang selalu dikunjungi para wisatawan dari dalam negeri dan luar negeri. Kelenteng peringatan Guan Yu terdapat di Jiezhou, propinsi Shanxi. Jiezhou, yang pada jaman San Guo disebut Hedong, adalah kampung halaman Guan Yu. Kelenteng itu memiliki keindahan bangunan dan arsitektur yang sangat mengagumkan dan merupakan salah satu objek wisata terkemuka di Shanxi.
Kwan Kong juga dikenal dengan nama mulia Kwan Seng Tee Kun adalah satu diantara dua dewa peperangan (Bu Seng) selain Yo Fei (Gak Hui 1103-1141 M). Kwan Kong atau Kwan Te (?-219 M) adalah sosok pribadi yang sangat dihormati di Tiongkok. Dikalangan Buddhis beliau dikenal sebagai Kwan Tee Pousat atau Ka Lam Pousat, sedangkan di kalangan Konfusianisme diakui sebagai salah satu Sin Beng yang dihormati.
Kwan Kong adalah seorang pahlawan yang hidupnya bersih, rendah hati, menjunjung tinggi persahabatan, patriot sejati, berpegang teguh terhadap dasar-dasar pribadi luhur. Golongan Taois mencantumkan beliau sebagai salah satu Sin Beng dalam buku Tao Chiao Chu Shen.
Perilaku atau sikap hidup Kwan Kong dalam kisah roman Tiga Negara (Sam Kok) 220-280 M adalah:
Teguh dalam tata Susila (Lee)
Setelah terkepung dalam peperangan dengan tantara Cho Cho, Kwan Kong bersedia menyerah dengan tiga syarat, yaitu; 1) Kwan Kong menyerah kepada Dinasti Han dan bukan kepada Cho Cho; 2) Memberikan perawatan dan kesejahteraan yang memadai bagi kedua istri Lauw Pi yang menjadi tanggung jawabnya; dan 3) Begitu Kwan Kong mengetahui di mana Lauw Pi (kakak angkatnya) berada, Kwan Kong direstui untuk menyusul. Ketiga syarat tersebut dipenuhi oleh Cho Cho. Namun untuk Kwan Kong dan kedua kakak iparnya hanya disediakan satu kamar dengan maksud untuk mengaburkan tata Susila antara ketiganya. Meski dengan kondisi demikian, Kwan Kong mempersilahkan kakak iparnya tidur di dalam kamar, sedangkan beliau sendiri berdiri di muka pintu. Sebelah tangan memegang golok ceng-liong yang-goat to dan tangan lainya memegang kitab Cun Ciu yang dibacanya semalam suntuk.
Kesetiaan terhadap saudara angkat – nya, Lau Pi (Tiong dan Sin)
Ketika menerima jubah sutera yang indah dari Cho Cho, Kwan Kong memakainya di sebelah dalam sementara baju luarnya tetap yang berasal pemberian Lauw Pi, sebagai tanda tidak melupakan sumpah sebagai saudara. Begitu Kwan Kong mendengar Lauw Pi ada bersama Wan Siao, beliau langsung memboyong kedua kakak iparnya dan menyusul ke tempat Wen Sao segera tanpa meminta restu dari Cho Cho. Dalam perjalanan melalui berbagai macam ancaman bahaya di lima kota (kisah ini adalah Kwan Kong Kwe Ngo Kwan) yang terkenal dalam Sam Kok.
Berperikemanusiaan yang mendalam dan berbudi luhur (Jin-Gi)
Dalam peperangan besar di sungai Tiang Kang (Chang Tsiang) sebagai kisah pertempuran besar di Cek-pek, tentara Cho Cho yang berjumlah 830.000 orang; 7.000 kapal besar dan kecil yang sudah digandengkan dalam rangkaian 30 kapal tiap kelompoknya serta perbentengan sepanjang kira-kira 300 li lebih, dibakar dan dihancurkan oleh pasukan Tong Gouw atas keunggulan dan taktik perang Ciu Ji dan Cu Kat Liang (Kong Beng) yang terkenal. Tentara dan para panglima termasuk Cho Cho sendiri digempur, dikepung, dikejar, disergap dan dimusnahkan. Akhirnya Cho Cho dengan pengikutnya yang berjumlah ratusan orang dalam keadaan terluka, letih, lapar, kedinginan, dengan semangat yang hancur lebur serta dalam keputusasaan mereka lari melalui celah pegunungan yang sempit yaitu celah Koay Yong To. Ternyata disana telah siap dengan pasukan yang masih segar dan gagah, Kwan Kong sambil melintangkan golok Naga Hijau berbentuk bulan sabit yang besar. Beliau tampak angker dan gagah perkasa. Tentara Cho Cho yang camping-camping begitu ketakutan.
Dalam keadaan terpaksa Cho Cho memohon diberi jalan hidup dengan mengungkapkan penghargaan, budi kebaikan yang pernah ia berikan ketika Kwan Kong tinggal di Kota Raja Dinasti Han serta hubungan yang sangat akrab antara keduanya. Kwan Kong sebagai sosok manusia yang sangat menjunjung tinggi budi orang, sangat tersentuh sanubarinya, dan hatinya luluh mendengar perkataan Cho Cho.
Kisah selanjutnya Kwan Kong membiarkan Cho Cho bersama tentara yang sudah tidak keruan keadaannya lewat tanpa gangguan. Sesaat kemudian Kwan Kong membentak tentara yang melaluinya, serentak tentara Cho Cho turun dari kuda serta berlutut sambal menangis; Kwan Kong segera memalingkan muka dengan penuh haru dan kembali ke markas pasukan besar dengan loyo. Perasaan belaskasihannya bergejolak, namun dengan tindakan yang dilakukannya itu, Kwan Kong sebenarnya menghadapi hukuman penggalan kepala. Persoalan yang dihadapinya bersumber kepada surat perjanjian yang dibuat bersama dengan Kong Beng. Isi perjanjian tersebut adalah tentang Cho Cho dan tentara yang kalah perang.
Apabila Cho Cho dan tentaranya tidak lewat celah Hoay Yong To, Kong Beng siap untuk dipenggal kepalanya; sebaliknya jika Cho Cho dan tentaranya lewat disana dan Kwan Kong tidak berhasil menangkapnya, Kwan Kong harus menyerahkan kepalanya untuk dipenggal.
Begitu agung rasa pengorbanan karena rasa kasihannya yang sangat besar.
Di medan perang Kwan Kong senantiasa berlandaskan ajaran Ti Jian Yong (kearifan kasih saying dan teguh) yang terkandung dalam kitab Tiong Yong.
Itulah sekelumit kisah sosok pribadi agung, Kwan Kong atau Kwan In Tiang.
Sumber : kisah para suci, penerbit Bhakti. 2011.
Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.
Guan Yu (meninggal dunia pada tahun 219),[1] dengan gaya namanya iaitu Yunchang, merupakan seorang jeneral yang berkhidmat di bawah laksamana Liu Bei pada lewat Dinasti Han Timur di China.
Jika anda melihat rencana yang menggunakan templat {{tunas}} ini, gantikanlah dengan templat tunas yang lebih spesifik.
Last Updated on 24 September 2021 by Herman Tan Manado
Guan Gong (Hanzi : 关公, Hokkian : Kwan Kong) adalah seorang Jenderal perang kenamaan yang hidup pada jaman 3 Kerajaan Sam Kok (三國; San Guo), pada rentang tahun 160 – 220 M.
Nama aslinya adalah Guan Yu (关羽), atau Guan Yun Chang (关云长). “Guan” adalah marganya, dan “Gong” berarti tuan, atau gelar kehormatan. Oleh karena itu, Guan Gong berarti “Dewa Guan”.
Beliau juga disebut Guan Sheng Di Jun (關聖帝君), dan oleh Kaisar Han, Beliau diberi gelar Han Shou Ting Hou (漢夀亭侯) yang berarti “Marquis dari Han Shou”.
Beliau dipuja karena kesetiaan dan kejujuran, sebagai lambang/teladan sifat2 ksatria sejati yang selalu menempati janji dan setia pada sumpahnya. Oleh sebab itu, Guan Gong merupakan Dewa yang paling banyak dipuja di kalangan masyarakat. disamping kelenteng2 yang secara khusus memuja-Nya. Lukisan Nya banyak terpasang di rumah pribadi, toko, bank, kantor polisi, pengadilan, sampai di markas organisasi mafia! Dimana para anggota perkumpulan rahasia itu biasanya berkumpul dan melakukan sumpah setia satu sama lain.
Karena itu, Beliau adalah satu2 nya Dewa yang dipuja, baik oleh orang2 golongan hitam maupun orang2 golongan putih.
Di samping dipuja sebagai lambang kesetiaan dan kejujuran, Guan Yu juga dipuja sebagai Dewa Pelindung Perdagangan, Dewa Pelindung Kesusastraan, dan Dewa Pelindung rakyat dari malapetaka peperangan yang mengerikan.
Julukan “Dewa Perang” sebagai umumnya dikenal dan dialamatkan kepada Guan Yu, harus diartikan sebagai Dewa yang bertugas untuk menghindarkan peperangan dan segala akibatnya yang menyengsarakan rakyat, sesuai dengan watak-Nya yang budiman. Guan Yu adalah penduduk asli kabupaten Hedong (sekarang kota Yuncheng), Propinsi Shanxi, Tiongkok.
Kebajikan Guan Gong melambangkan Kehormatan, Loyalitas, Integritas, Keadilan, Keberanian, dan Kekuatan, adalah cita2 yang benar2 dapat mempengaruhi kita. Di Negara2 barat, Dewa Guan Gong dikenal “Tao God of War”. Sebutan ini berasal dari fakta bahwa Dewa Guan Gong adalah jenderal militer yang paling terkenal di sepanjang sejarah Tiongkok.
Sun-Liu territorial dispute
During the mid 210s, a territorial dispute broke out between Liu Bei and Sun Quan in southern Jing Province. According to an earlier arrangement, Liu Bei "borrowed" southern Jing Province from Sun Quan to serve as a temporary base; he would have to return the territories to Sun Quan once he found another base. After Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province, Sun Quan asked him to return three commanderies but Liu Bei refused. Sun Quan then sent his general Lü Meng to lead his forces to seize the three commanderies. In response, Liu Bei ordered Guan Yu to lead troops to stop Lü Meng.[Sanguozhi others 12] Gan Ning, one of Lü Meng's subordinates, managed to deter Guan Yu from crossing the shallows near Yiyang. The shallows were thus named 'Guan Yu's Shallows' (關羽瀨).[Sanguozhi others 13] Lu Su (the overall commander of Sun Quan's forces in Jing Province) later invited Guan Yu to attend a meeting to settle the territorial dispute. Around 215, after Cao Cao seized control of Hanzhong Commandery, Liu Bei saw that as a strategic threat to his position in Yi Province so he decided to make peace with Sun Quan and agreed to divide southern Jing Province between his and Sun Quan's domains along the Xiang River. Both sides then withdrew their forces.[Sanguozhi others 14]
In 219, Liu Bei emerged victorious in the Hanzhong Campaign against Cao Cao, after which he declared himself "King of Hanzhong" (漢中王). He appointed Guan Yu as General of the Vanguard (前將軍) and bestowed upon him a ceremonial axe. In the same year, Guan Yu led his forces to attack Cao Ren at Fancheng and besiege the fortress. Cao Cao sent Yu Jin to lead reinforcements to help Cao Ren. It was in autumn and there were heavy showers so the Han River overflowed. The flood destroyed Yu Jin's seven armies. Guan Yu had prepared his navy to advance during the flood, and Yu Jin surrendered to Guan Yu while his subordinate Pang De refused and was executed by Guan Yu. Various local officials such as Administrator of Nanxiang Fu Fang and Inspector Jing Province Hu Xiu defected to Guan Yu. Angered by Cao Cao's forced labor put upon them, rebel peasants and bandits in Liang(梁), Jia(郟) and Luhun(陸渾) also submitted to Guan Yu and received official seals to work as his raiders. Guan Yu's fame spread throughout China.[Sanguozhi 15][11]
The Shu Ji recorded that before Guan Yu embarked on the Fancheng campaign, he dreamt about a boar biting his foot. He told his son Guan Ping, "I am growing weaker this year. I might not even return alive."[Sanguozhi zhu 5]
With Liu Bei gaining Hanzhong as well as the northwest commanderies of Jing: Fangling, Shangyong and Xicheng; and now after Yu Jin's defeat, Cao Cao contemplated relocating the imperial capital from Xu further north into Hebei to avoid Guan Yu, but Sima Yi and Jiang Ji told him that Sun Quan would become restless when he heard of Guan Yu's victory. They suggested to Cao Cao to ally with Sun Quan and get him to help them hinder Guan Yu's advances; in return, Cao Cao would recognise the legitimacy of Sun Quan's claim over the territories in Jiangdong. In this way, the siege on Fancheng would automatically be lifted. Cao Cao heeded their suggestion. Previously, Sun Quan had sent a messenger to meet Guan Yu and propose a marriage between his son and Guan Yu's daughter. However, Guan Yu not only rejected the proposal, but also scolded and humiliated the messenger. Sun Quan was enraged.[Sanguozhi 16]